Affirmative Action The Discriminatory Effect Essay example

Throughout history, people have been categorized into different groups. These groupings were based on certain characteristics people shared, whether it was their ethnicity, race, gender, or religion. Society is notorious for distinguishing among different groups and favoring one or two of them. Undoubtedly, this separation of peoples, led to increased tension between various groups. As time progressed, the conflicts intensified, and it became apparent that a change was necessary. At this time, places all around the world began experiencing revolutions of people that were working towards earning their rights. Consequently, governments around the globe began enacting a system of affirmative action, in other words, a system that would give†¦show more content†¦They only received this advantage because of what racial, ethnical, or gender group they belonged to; the focus on merit dwindled as affirmative action changed over time (Hanmer 7-19). Consequently, the benefits of affirm ative action began to become less apparent and the system began to show effects opposing the original intents. Affirmative action is a system that intends to assist minorities; however, it discriminates against these groups. Some say they feel that they were just given an advantage based on their race, and if they did not put their race or ethnicity on their application they would not have been recruited into the institution. People implementing affirmative action understand that it does establish reverse discrimination, but are willing to accept it as long as it increases diversity (Steele 37-39). In other words, they are stating that discrimination is reasonable as long as institutions can meet their racial quotas. In the present time, minority applicants are being assessed mainly based on the racial or ethnical group they belong to, and not as much due to their merit (Steele 37). â€Å"Most Americans would support what was called affirmative action back in the 1960s, programs wh ere efforts were made by companies and colleges to go outside the mainstream in their recruiting efforts. But thats an entirely different thing from having hard and fast racial quotas--hiring people according to numbers in society† (Hanmer 9).Show MoreRelatedIs Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated?783 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Is Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated? Affirmative action policies have been in place since 1957 (Rubio 144). Presidents Kennedy and Johnson signed executive orders in 1961 and 1964, respectively, requiring government agencies and their contractors to take affirmative steps to ensure minority participation. Johnsons order was modified two years later to include women. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discriminatory hiring, promotion, and retention practices in both the privateRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative action can be described as positive discrimination. It is an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education. Affirmative action means taking positive steps to end discrimination, to prevent its recurrence, and to creative new opportunities that were previously denied minorities and women. Affirmative action itself has been defined as any measure, beyond simple termination of a discriminatoryRead MoreAfrican American Women And Affirmative Action1307 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Women and Affirmative Action How does one correct centuries of discrimination without alienating the majority, who have benefitted from the mistreatment of minorities as citizens of this country? Before understanding how affirmative action has an effect on U.S. history, one must comprehend what it is and what the motive was behind it. Affirmative action was the effort to improve education and career opportunities for women and minorities to make up for past discrimination practicesRead More Two Views of Affirmative Action Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesTwo Views of Affirmative Action We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal†¦. Even before it became a nation, America was heralded as a land of equality. Thomas Jeffersons statement begs more than a few questions, one of which is: How can we ensure equality to everyone? Beginning in the late 1960s, the federal government provided an answer to this question in the form of affirmative action. In recent years, many people have called this policy into question. InterestinglyRead MoreCase Case Study : Prima Facie Case1175 Words   |  5 PagesPlaintiff: The person in a case who is suing. Accept on Remand: to send a case back to its original court after is has appeared in appeals court. Taken from http://thelawdictionary.org/remand/ on September 20, 2014 Consent Decree: A type of affirmative action from a legal proceeding enforced by an approved settlement between the plaintiff and defendant. Just Cause: A legal provision in which the employer must prove that the termination of an employee was based on an appropriate reason, and if itRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Not Based On Reason Or Actual Experience1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept affirmative action extensively across the United States. Affirmative action is discriminating in favor of racial minorities in admissions, hiring, tenure, contracting, and financial aid. When two people are equally qualified for a job or admission opportunity is it acceptable to make the choice based on race, sex, or ethnicity? It is widely known that affirmative action is admissible. There is an opposition between the American ideal of individualism and affirmative action. IndividualismRead MorePros And Cons Of Affirmative Action1548 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action is defined as â€Å"an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women sought to achieve a multicul tural staff through affirmative action; also: a similar effort to promote the rights or progress of other disadvantaged persons† (Affirmative Action, n.d.). Affirmative action is a government policy that ensures that diversity is maintained in schools and in the workplace. It’s designed to assist individuals overcome previousRead More Affirmative Action Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages The roots of Affirmative Action can be traced back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal. There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. The nobility of the cause that help others. Affirmative Action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The mostRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights And Equal Opportunity Legislation Of The 1960s958 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a program that serves to rectify the effects of purportedly past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and opportunities to minorities and women. Affirmative action programs were an outgrowth of the 1950s and 1960s civil rights movements and the Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity legislation of the 1960s. Close to fifty years later, the practice of affirmative action has been at the vanguard of intense debate more than any other time in its history. Hardly a week goesRead MoreChapter 3: Equal Employment Opportunity Human Resources Management963 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical conduct of a sexual nature in the working environment †¢ Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures: Is a procedural document published in the Federal Register to assist employers in complying with federal regulations against discriminatory actions. †¢ Adverse Impact: The rejection of a significantly higher percentage of a protected class for employment, placement, or promotion when compared with a non-protected class. †¢ Four fifths rule: Rule of thumb followed by the EEOC in determining

Essay about An Analysis Of Nature In The W - 606 Words

An Analysis of Nature in the works of Robert Frost When reading poetry by Robert Frost the theme of nature is strongly present and persistent. Robert Frost uses the world around him to create a mystic feeling to his writings, almost giving the reader a sense of nostalgia. The influence of nature in Frost’s works creates a palette to paint a picture filled with symbolism for the reader to interpret. The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify with or imagine in some way because of the intense imagery used. In the analysis of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, Nothing Gold Can Stay, and Stopping By The Woods On A Snowy Evening we can pick out specific examples to illustrate Frost’s overall†¦show more content†¦Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf’s a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day. Nothing can stay. (p.810) The nature’s change from green to gold symbolizes how nothing can stay and live forever. Everything must come to an end. Nature is a constant reminder to humans of our limited time on this earth and Frost uses this fact to illustrate to the reader the power and beauty of our existence. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Frost uses nature in another interesting way in his writing. Nature becomes a potent way to give the reader intimacy into the speaker’s thoughts and choices. In the poem The Road Not Taken, we find an unrivaled use of imagery and symbolism representing the speakers choice’s about life. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.(p.804) The speaker is torn between two choices in life but takes the harder choice and it has changed his or her life forever. Many people face this situation everyday and choose the easy way and never challenge themselves. What this poem’s imagery does for the reader is give them an example of this situation and how a difficult choice is sometimes best to be taken. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nature is a revolving theme in Robert Frost’sShow MoreRelatedDrosophila Melanogaster Or Fruit Fly1292 Words   |  6 PagesQ1: Drosophila melanogaster or fruit fly in general terms, was one of the earliest organisms that were used for genetics analysis by scientists. The reasons behind the use of this species are due to its small size, short generation time and the ability of females to lay a lot of eggs. Since Drosophila melanogaster has been studied in 1900, this have brought a large contribution to genetic studies and particularly used as model organisms in the Human Genome Project. In recent years, the whole genomeRead MoreMajor Research Project – Crisis Communication Analysis744 Words   |  3 PagesMAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT – CRISIS COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS OF SAMSUNG GALAXY NOTEY 7 EXPLODING DEVICE In 2016 Samsung faced a devastating blow its corporate image, when malfunctions in the newly released Samsung Galaxy Note 7 lithium battery causing these devices to unexpectedly explode endangering the safety of its consumers and other innocent civilians. Maintaining a favorable image is crucial for organizations, and crises threaten this making the need for effective communication of vital importanceRead MoreWhat is DNA Profiling?1659 Words   |  7 PagesForensic Biology and Anthropology Forensic DNA Analysis What is DNA Profiling? There are many different terms used in conjunction to DNA Profiling; DNA testing, DNA typing and genetic fingerprinting. This is a technique which is used by Forensic Scientists by means of assistance in the identification of individuals by their DNA profiles. A DNA profile is an encrypted set of numbers w0hich reflects an individual’s DNA makeup. This encryption can also be used when identifying a person. DNARead MoreRetail Marketing Strategy786 Words   |  4 Pagesretailer * Vertical Integration diversification by retailers into wholesaling or manufacturing. Key to success 1. Globally Sustainable competitive Advantage - Entry into nondomestic markets is most successful when the expantion is consistent w/ the retailers core base of competitive advantage. 2. Adaptability - While successful global retailers build on Their core competencies, they also recognize amp; Adapt their core strategy to the needs of local Market. 3. Global Culture - ToRead MoreThe Scientific Method Essays1678 Words   |  7 Pagesman; against the wisdom and knowledge of older man. In the final analysis Socrates conversation with Euthyphro, smashes all of Euthyphro’s ideas and conceptions. Euthypro’s belief system has diminished and what he thought may be sound, good reasoning concerning the gods proves to be meaningless conversation. Euthyphro speaks in fallacy, Socrates sees right through it; and that is apparent in his questioning toward the young man. W. K. Clifford wrote an essay titled â€Å"The Ethics of Belief† in whichRead MoreA Brief Note On Water And Sanitation Sector1661 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment Goals – Target 7c) the proportion of People who does not have sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation should be halved by 2015 ().Debates related to water and sanitation in developing world has been highly fragmented nature and focused only on individual segments rather than the ov erall governance contexts in the sector (Plummer and Slaymaker, 2007). Further they were not driven towards real consensus on developing linkages with sector performance and governance contextsRead MoreScene Analysis of The Green Mile Essay720 Words   |  3 Pagesblack man that was accused of rape and murder of two little girls, and in the 1930’s having charges like that brought upon you was grounds for the death penalty, especially for a black man in the south. Through the movie we see that although large in nature, John is quite a softie at heart and is even afraid of sleeping in the dark. As the audience we also see that John has a special talent of being able to bring living things back to life if they have passed away or are plagued with an incurable sicknessRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Centers On How Much Of A Person s Biological, Cognitive, And Social Development1541 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Nature Vs Nurture centers on how much of a person’s biological, cognitive, personal and social development can be attributed to either the genetic (hereditary) determinism i.e. nature or the environmental determinism i.e. nurture. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) noted that â€Å"Physical characteristics that promote survival of the individual are more likely to be passed on to offspring because the individuals with these characteristics are likelyRead MoreNetwork System Analysis Risk Management670 Words   |  3 PagesNetwork System Analysis Risk Management Introduction The multifaceted nature of risk as it relates to a healthcare provider is evident on how comprehensive the access controls, compliance, security and staff level-based access privileges are in the Natividad Medical Center. The complexity of these factors and the level of traceability and audit controls are accentuated by the Health Insurance and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and its many requirements and stipulations for reporting (Dennis, 2005)Read MoreDifferent Types of Income Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesIncome investments. Any kind of asset allocation plan would be negligent without a slight touch of fixed income, or Bond debt instruments. The analysis that a simple investor/ analyst would lay his hands across is relayed or explained below: Fixed income or Bond analysis is the mathematical valuation of Coupon paying Bonds debt Fixed securities, aligning the analysis of their, credit risk, interest rate riskand likely the pricing behavior, which are used for hedging portfolios. The valuation is the precedential

The Village Free Essays

The Village Essay The film ‘The Village’ by M Night Shaman, looks at a series of images which form the basis for portraying and shaping the story. M Night uses subtle symbols throughout the film resulting In the audience making up their own mind about certain events that take place. Using color as a main centre piece for the film is an effective way of communicating to the audience visually. We will write a custom essay sample on The Village or any similar topic only for you Order Now The powerful imagery is another tool in which engages and speaks to the audience allowing them to interpret the film as they will. This essay will examine the way in which these Images and humbly get the message across without the use of excessive dialogue. It will also look at what the Images and symbols actually represent. Color Is an Important symbol throughout the film. The symbolic colors that are used are yellow and red. The auteur links two simple primary colors to represent the communities perceptions of good and evil. The elders create the Illusion that the red color attracts the monsters and the color yellow is the safe color which protects them from any danger. This gives the film a strong visual element. These two colors are bright as seen throughout the film and all other colors appear dull adding a greater emphasis to the colors red and yellow. This shows us that M Night does not rely on verbal conversation to bring about the symbols. The red flower is an indication of this, When we see the two girls sweeping and they see the flower they quickly bury the bad color in the ground. This also happens when Noah, who doesn’t really understand the concept of color, picks the red berries from the woods putting them in his pocket. Later on Noah then offers the berries and places them in Ivy hand, she does not understand at first, obviously due to the fact that she is blind, until Luscious warns her. [â€Å"Oh. Berries! What a splendid present! † â€Å"Be cautious. You are holding the bad color. † â€Å"This color attracts those we don’t speak of, you must bury It. You ought not pick that color berry anymore. † Ivy, Luscious This confirms that M Night is using the colors as a powerful symbol alerting viewers to the fact that colors are symbolic and represent the difference between good and evil. An Important Image to examine In the film Is when a monster has been spotted within the villages boundaries, Ivy is waiting for Luscious outside on the porch, Ivy holds UT her hand whilst in the background we can see a faint monster appearing from the darkness. This conveys to the audience the trusting nature of Ivy, she places an enormous amount of trust on Luscious hoping that he will be there. This also represents an element of bravery because the audience knows that the monster, at any moment, could come and attack her. However, we know that lb’ Is not like other women from the village, she is not affected from her blindness. Instead she uses her other senses like sound and touch to compensate for It. [â€Å"Are you not angry you have OFF This shows us that Ivy does view the village differently when compared with the others in the community, however can still see the world, Just in a different light. She places trust in the hands of her friends and family to guide her. Symbolism occurs regularly throughout the film, M Night uses many symbols to illustrate not only his ideas but the storyline as well. The black boxes which are placed in the houses of the elders all contain secrets from their past. This symbolisms that The Village is essentially made up on a lie because all the elders have hidden secrets that they want to protect so they can keep the community safe from the outside world and all the violence in it. Luscious Hunt quickly catches on to the idea that there are secrets within The Village and knows that they are contained in the black boxes. [â€Å"There are secrets in every corner of this village, do you not feel it? Do you not see it? † Luscious Hunt 23:54-24:04] Once again M Night is adding a visual element to the story thus creating the black boxes into a symbol for secrets. Another symbolic element to this film is the rocking chairs which are positioned on the front arch at every house. The rocking chairs represent strength in hard times, strength of the human spirit, whenever the characters of the village are feeling weak or anxious they will go and sit in the chair gathering strength which will then help them face the issues they have. â€Å"The moment I heard my daughters vision had finally failed her and that she would forever be blind I was sitting in that very chair† Edward Walker This confirms that the village characters draw strength through the use of the chair which now alerts the audience to the fact that the chairs present strength. The boundaries which surrounds the village are also symbolic. The boundaries represent the protection that the elders enforce to keep the village innocent. The elders are trying to protect the community from the violence and crime that takes place in the outside world, or so they would have you believe. U have kindness in your voice, I did not expect that. † 1:34:46-1 :34:53] This shows the audience that the outside world is far different from how the elders have concluded it to be, Ivy was surprised that the man was kind because she had been raised to live that the towns were full of hatred and crime. This film is heavily based on images and symbolism resulting in not as much need for an in depth narrative. M Night tends not to convey the story by using plain dialogue but instead uses strong images and symbols to get the point across in a visual sense. Color is the main symbol used in the film, using colors to represent good and bad gets the viewers to think and make assumptions based on certain colors. He also uses powerful images to convey scenes without any dialogue however still manages to get the message across. How to cite The Village, Papers

analysis and fundamental value of Bitcoin - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis and fundamental value of Bitcoin. Answer: There is no degree of certainty in relation to the future of bitcoin. Most of the people contemporarily agree that the future of bitcoin is bright. There are not a few caveats present in the statement. This section of the paper throws light upon the question related to the future of Bitcoin. As a protocol bitcoin itself is going to evolve. The simple fact that it is first a protocol is forgotten by many people and the money part is the initial app provided through it. It can be compared to HTTP as which is predominantly written for Netscape Browser. At its time it was very good but then it was dethroned when other browsers took the mantle. The application of similar analogy can be done in relation to the future of Bitcoin. There are chances that it can be by other kind of crypto currencies such as Litecoin or Dogecoin and they may prevail in the future. The buying process in relation to bitcoin may hamper its future and with the current process being continued its future does not loo k much bright. The buying process of crypto currency is going to be more streamlined, making it easy to purchase and therefore the complex purchase procedure is certainly going to hamper the future of Bitcoin. There are high chances that regulations are going to be imposed in most of the countries on companies which indulge in the process of trading bitcoin into the local currency. According to Barkatullah and Hanke (2017) it can easily be predicted that more and more exchange companies are going to mushroom and there is going to be significant rise in the price of bitcoin as depicted from the graph in appendix 1. Figure 1- Bitcoin Compared to US Dollars Source: (Iqoption.com 2018) It has been provided by (Iqoption.com 2018) that unless and until the buyers keep asking or pressuring the merchants to accept Bitcoin, the merchants would be obvious in relation to its demands. It is rightly expected that when people would walk into any store and ask that they are going to accept crypto currency or not the stores are going to say no. however when ten other buyers go to the same store and ask the same question to the sellers that whether they are going to accept Bitcoin or not the answer of the stores may change and they may think about accepting bitcoin as a currency in the future. Bitcoin would be loved to be adopted by most of the developed world where there is unavailability of instantaneous person-to-person payment methods. The barriers itself act as the regulators of the future of Bitcoin. For instance where it comes to the future of Bitcoin in a country as India there are no exchange in India. The situation is same when it comes to Bangladesh, GCC, Pakistan , Thailand (although few players are there who are selling Bitcoin in Thailand) and northern Africa. A significantly large population does not have any access of purchasing Bitcoin which may have a considerable adverse impact on the future sustainability of Bitcoin. As the population is not able to purchase the currency there is no question arising in relation to its trade in the future. However if there is a change in all this as predicted by Eyal et al. (2016) in the coming years it may considerably enhance the sustainability of Bitcoin in the future Market. Freecodecamp.org (2018) has predicted in relation to Bitcoin that volatility is going to be minimized. Although there is a significant doubt in relation to its disappearance, at large the public is very sensitive to anything which is depicted through media in relation to Bitcoin. Therefore the media has a significant role to play in relation to the future of Bitcoin in the economy. Arbitrage in relation to Bitcoin is now negligence but it is going to increase considerably. As soon as a few authoritative anchor users start to accept Bitcoin the movement is going to pick up speed. There are already several speculations that market hotshots like starbucks are planning to accept Bitcoin in the coming years. Apart from certain loopholes, the technology of Bitcoin is quite high and the price value of the system is increasing in nature. However, no one can give a definite explanation regarding the future of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a protocol and the money transaction is just a part of it (Extance 2015). However, everyone wants to place it as a process of exchange. This idea will underestimate the real definition of the system. It has been observed that most of the retailers are using the system as their exchange and money transaction process. That helps the system to increase the price value and therefore, the volatile mentality of the system can be resolved (Luther 2015). However, it is impossible to abolish the volatile nature totally. Many countries have taken the system as an alternative of payment and that will widen the future market capacity of Bitcoin. There is an ongoing controversy over Bitcoins status as an asset or a currency. In spite of that, many developing countries are adopting Bitcoin as their alternative currency (Cheah and Fry 2015). The chance of huge monetary crash is low under this system and therefore, the investors or users are feeling safe to transact their money in it. Further, the personal information of the users is remained in a hidden condition and it is not easy to trace out the transactional records. Bitcoin is based on decentralised system and therefore, the users can control their own money without any interference of the central banks. It has been observed that this process enhance the quantity of transactional rate on daily basis (Van Alstyne 2014). Therefore, it can be assumed that the future of Bitcoin is quite br ight as the modern retailers are showing their interest on the crypto currency system. However, the future of block chain technology and internet is associated with the future of Bitcoin (Paglier 2014). Bitcoin is a popular transaction site based on decentralised payment system. The site has earned its reputation as the user can transfer their fund on international basis and they have to pay small amount of fees for that. The whole theory of Bitcoin is based on the crypto currency system and it is the first crypto currency-based transaction system in the world and the rating rate of the system is very high. Therefore, it easily earns trust of the investors and that make the future of Bitcoin strong. The modern world is quite depended on the internet and smart network-based system and therefore, it can be predicted that Bitcoin will easily get an increment in their market. On the other hand, the block chain technology helps the system to be more efficient and trust worthy in the market. It helps to exclude the power or interference of the central clearance house. It prevents the double spending process (Eyal et al. 2016). However, certain challenges are cropped up in the transaction process of Bitcoin due to the absence of any regulatory authority. There is huge scope of money laundering and tax evasion can take place. It has been recorded in the history of Bitcoin that the many illegal activities have been included under the shadow of Bitcoin and in the year 2015, the site of Bitcoin was hacked and the company has to face huge amount of monetary dilemma due to this. Additionally, every users of the site is stranger to each other as the personal information of the users is hidden in nature (Sasson et al. 2014). Therefore, they do not even know to whom or from whom they are collecting or transacting money. Further, there is no controlling authority and that makes the site more risky to the users. It has also been observed that the value price of Bitcoin is too unstable and the price value can be fall down at any time. Therefore, if any user invests his money in Bitcoin for its huge price value, he may face huge loss if the value falls. The system of crypto currency is unknown to many people and could not be handled by any novice users. The user should be well trained and should have enough knowledge on the system. In the words of Starry Peng, the success of Bitcoin will help to point out the future of the crypto currency system and it can be stated that the growing popularity of the system can change the view of money transaction by 2020. However, the loopholes of the system should be removed with highest priority. Whether Bitcoin is money or a token is controversial in nature (Van 2014). However, it is true that Bitcoin has created significant role in the history of finance and the growing nature of the price value of the system has indicated the strong future of Bitcoin. Where more and more corporations will start to offer bitcoin in form of a payment alternative, other organizations who are awaiting in the shadows would be ready to take the opportunity and jump onto the bandwagon. This change reaction which is significantly important for the survival of bitcoin in the future is going to determine its future in the economy. However it has to be noted that many organizations are waiting for such reaction to be triggered so that they are able to take timely advantage. There is a significant doubt over the question whether the price of Bitcoin in the coming two to three years is going to be more than $5000. The expectations which the bitcoin holders have that the price is going to reach about $25000- $30000 is not going to be worthy and profitable. This may lead to too much of speculative money to enter the system which will eventually force the regulators to come down hard on Bitcoin. The future of bitcoin also depends upon its acceptance as an alterna tive currency in the developing countries. It is possible that the currency may out rightly be banned. According to Alqassem and Svetinovic (2014) regulators operating within the developing countries have a considerably myopic vision when it comes to alternative currencies. The obtuse undertaking is very likely to cast a showed over the legal future of Bitcoin in the developing world. Through market capitalization it is indicated in a certain manner that Bitcoin has now become too big an agency to collapse. Thus it is likely to have a sustainable future by the measure of its own self. In addition there is going to be regular featuring of Bitcoin in the remittance world. One of the most significant sign of its success would be the report of world band in relation to remittance figure of bitcoin platform. However the debatable question in relation to this is how is the situation going to be achieved. There is no current evidence to back this situation. There are chances that snap payments through the use of Bitcoin for freelances and websites may be enabled. This suggest that there may be emergence of payment platforms like Bitpay. Thus it can be stated that there is no concrete evidence which would be able to appropriately predict the future of bitcoin. On one hand it has the potential of becoming a global currency and on the other hand it may also be dethroned by some of its competitors. However given the brand bitcoin has become it is most likely that the future holds more positives than negatives in relation to the currency. Reference Alqassem, I. and Svetinovic, D., 2014, September. Towards reference architecture for cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin architectural analysis. InInternet of Things (iThings), 2014 IEEE International Conference on, and Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), IEEE and Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom), IEEE(pp. 436-443). IEEE. Andreessen, M., 2014. Why Bitcoin Matters.The New York Times,21. Barkatullah, J. and Hanke, T., 2017. Goldstrike 1: Cointerra's first-generation cryptocurrency mining processor for bitcoin.IEEE micro,35(2), pp.68-76. Cheah, E.T. and Fry, J., 2015. Speculative bubbles in Bitcoin markets? An empirical investigation into the fundamental value of Bitcoin.Economics Letters,130, pp.32-36. Extance, A., 2015. The future of cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin and beyond.Nature News,526(7571), p.21. Eyal, I., Gencer, A.E., Sirer, E.G. and Van Renesse, R., 2016, March. Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol. InNSDI(pp. 45-59). freeCodeCamp. (2018).What You Need to Know About the Future of Bitcoin Technology. [online] Available at: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/future-of-bitcoin-cc6936ba0b99 [Accessed 3 Jan. 2018]. Iqoption.com. (2018).Ultimate trading with IQ Option. [online] Available at: https://iqoption.com/lp/ultimate-trading/en/?active=crypto1aff=28061 [Accessed 3 Jan. 2018]. Luther, W.J., 2015. Bitcoin and the future of digital payments.Browser Download This Paper. Malhotra, Y., 2014. Future of Bitcoin Statistical Probabilistic Quantitative Methods: Global Financial Regulation (Interview: Hong Kong Institute of CPAs).Regulatory Compliance Report. 2014d. Global Risk Management Network, LLC, New York. O'Dwyer, K.J. and Malone, D., 2014. Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint. Pagliery, J., 2014.Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. Sasson, E.B., Chiesa, A., Garman, C., Green, M., Miers, I., Tromer, E. and Virza, M., 2014, May. Zerocash: Decentralized anonymous payments from bitcoin. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2014 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 459-474). IEEE. Van Alstyne, M., 2014. Why Bitcoin has value.Communications of the ACM,57(5), pp.30-32. Zhao, W., Zhao, W., De, N., Palmer, D., Rizzo, P., Higgins, S., Horsley, H. and Zhao, W. (2018).Bitcoin Price Index - Real-time Bitcoin Price Charts. [online] CoinDesk. Available at: https://www.coindesk.com/price/ [Accessed 3 Jan. 2018].

Twins and genetics Essay Example For Students

Twins and genetics Essay Behavioral genetics is a field of research that investigates the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and ability (Plomin, 1997). Two of the primary methods used by behavioral geneticists are the twin study method, first used by Galton (1975) in his studies of heredity, and the adoption method. In the twin study method, researchers studies identical twins (monozygotic twins) and fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) to determine how much they resemble each other on a variety of characteristics. Identical twins have exactly the same genes because a single sperm cell of the father fertilizers a single egg of the mother, forming a cell that then splits and forms two human beings-carbon copies. But fraternal twins are no more alike genetically than any two siblings born in the same parents. We will write a custom essay on Twins and genetics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the case of fraternal twins, two separate sperm cells fertilize two separate eggs that happen to be released at the same time during ovulation. Twins, who are raised together, whether identical or fraternal, have similar environments. If identical twins raised together are found to be more alike than fraternal twins on a certain trait, then that trait is assumed to be more influenced by heredity. But if identical twins and fraternal twins from similar environments do not differ on a trait, then that trait is assumed to be influenced more by environment. In the adopting method, behavioral geneticists study children adopted shortly after birth. By comparing their abilities and personality traits to those o their adoptive family members with whom they live and those of their biological parents whom they may have met, researchers can disentangle the effect of heredity and environment (Plomin et al. , 1988). Adoptive research has assembled the Minnesota Twin Registry, which in 1998 included over 20,000 twin pairs (Bouchard, 1998). Probably the best way to assess the relative contributions of heredity and environment is to study identical twins that have been separated at birth and raised apart. Although it seems amazing, researchers have found that identical twins that are brought up in the same family are no more alike as adults that are identical twins who are reared apart. When separated twins are found to have strikingly similar traits, it is assumed that heredity has been a major contributor to those traits heredity, and the adoption method. One of the most extensive investigation of twins raised in separate homes is the Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart, which over the past 20 years has studied hundreds of twin pairs who were separated early in life (Bouchard, 1994; Finkel et al. , 1995). This study, like others of its kind, has consistently found such striking psychological and behavioral similarities between monozygotic twins that the important role of genes in personality development can no longer be denied. Typical is the case of Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe, identical twins born of a Jewish father and Christian mother in Trinidad in the 1930s. Soon after their birth, Oskar was taken to Nazi Germany by his mother to be raised as a Catholic in a household consisting mostly of women. Jack was raised as a Jew by his father, spending his childhood in the Caribbean and some of his adolescence in Israel. On the face of it, it would be difficult to imagine two more disparate cultural backgrounds. And when the twins were reunited in middle age, they certainly had their differences. Oskar was married and a devoted union member; Jack was divorced and the owner of a store in southern California. But when the brothers met for the first time in Minnesota, Similarities started cropping up as soon as Oskar arrived at the airport. Both were wearing wire-rimmed glasses and mustaches, both sported two-pocket shirts with epaulet. They share idiosyncrasies galore: they like spicy foods and sweet liqueurs, are absentminded, have a habit of falling asleep in front of the television, think its funny to sneeze in a crowd of strangers, flush the toilet before using it, store rubber bands on their wrists, read magazines from back to front, dip buttered toast in their coffee. Oskar is domineering toward women and yells at his wife, which Jack did before he was separated. .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .postImageUrl , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:hover , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:visited , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:active { border:0!important; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:active , .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229 .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafaa19832f3dd8baf048c3bea4d50229:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frankenstein A model of English Romanticism Essay Holden, 1980 Their scores on several psychological tests were very .

Value Drivers Of The Pharmaceutical Industry Essays

Value Drivers Of The Pharmaceutical Industry Essays Value Drivers Of The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay Value Drivers Of The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay The size of the global pharmaceutical industry was estimated at US$362.8 billion (December 2000) with North America being the largest market (44%), followed by Europe (24%), Latin America (6%) and Asia, Africa and Australia having a combined share of 26%. With a size of Rs. 231 billion in FY2001, and growing at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 17% per annum, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest among developing countries. It contributes 8% in volume terms but only 1% in value terms to global pharmaceutical sales. The domestic companies meet about 90% of the countrys total bulk drugs requirement and almost the entire demand for formulations. There are over 20,000 players in the industry, with a large number of them involved in the production of unbranded products. The structure of the Indian pharmaceutical industry (as that of its global counterpart) is characterized by fragmentation, with over 20,000 players-a large number of which are in the small-scale sector, competing for market share. However, a trend of consolidation is visible at the top with the 5 players in the Indian pharmaceutical industry account for 22% of the retail formulations market. Evolution. The evolution of the Indian pharmaceutical industry can be explained in terms of six broad phases, as discussed here. Period up to 1947 The industry was almost non-existent in this period and despite the existent need, demand was limited due to low-income levels and lack of access to medicines. 1947-1970 In 1954, Government established Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL), followed by Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL) in 1961. These companies emerged as major producers of critical drugs such as penicillin and other anti-infectives. The Government also provided incentives to multinational companies so that they were encouraged to set up manufacturing bases in India. 1970-1979 In 1970, two major policy initiatives were taken by the Indian Government to strengthen the domestic pharmaceutical industry. Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) was issued to control the prices of drugs and make them affordable to consumers and Indian Patent Act was enacted to provide legal recognition to process patents for pharmaceutical products. The Government also provided incentives to small-scale pharmaceutical units which led to the surfacing of many such units in the formulations segment, where technology was not the most important criteria. 1979-1995 Government made amendments to the DPCO in 1979 reducing the number of drugs under DPCO from 347 to 163. Moreover, higher margins were permitted on the production cost. Further, the export incentives and the advantage of low production costs combined to provide a substantial boost to exports (especially of bulk drugs). The DPCO was again amended in 1987, resulting in a reduction in the number of drugs under price control from 163 to 146. 1995-2001 Government reduced the number of drugs under DPCO further from 146 to 74. It also signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and was expected to introduce the system of product patents (as opposed to process patents) and provide legal protection to Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The signing of the GATT induced a series of changes in the business strategy of the existing pharmaceutical companies. The focus of the companies shifted, and research emerged as the inevitable driver of long-term growth. A large number of companies underwent restructuring and quite a few mergers and acquisitions were witnessed; consolidation at all levels in the industry-brands, assets and acquisition of companies-took place. The move also augmented the interest of multinationals in India. During 2001, at the Ministerial Conference held at Doha (Oman), a declaration on Public Health was signed by the member countries of the World Trade Organisation (WTO the successor to GATT). This declaration clarifies that the TRIPS agreement would not prevent WTO members from taking measures to protect public health and provides them the right to determine what constitutes a national emergency or circumstances of extreme urgency. The WTO members would be allowed to determine the grounds on which such licences are granted and grant such compulsory licences. 2002 Pharmaceutical Policy 2002 was announced, wherein the number of drugs under price control has been reduced from 74 (under DPCO 95). Also, both the houses of Parliament have recently cleared the Patents Amendment Act, 2002. The main features of this Act are the extension of patent term to 20 years from the date of application, incorporation of a provision relating to right of import and changes in the provisions relating to compulsory licensing. High Cost Process with Long Time Lead The average length of time required to develop a drug is estimated at 12-15 years, increasing over the years, mainly because of the tightening of the regulations associated with drug approval in different countries. The rate of failure is relatively high. Typically, out of 10,000 compounds synthesised, only around 20 reach the animal testing stage. Of these 20, only around 10 reach clinical trials, and finally, just about one attains the approval of the drug regulatory authorities. Moreover, only around three out of every 10-drug products recover their RD costs. Therefore, companies have to rely on highly successful products to fund their RD activities. Clinical trials account for about half the total time involved in new drug discovery. This phase is of crucial importance and over 40% of the total cost is incurred in this phase. Growth pattern of the sector Growth in the pharmaceutical industry is linked to the introduction of new drugs and increase in prices, among other factors. It is characterized by relative immunity to economic cycles in the short to medium term. However, extreme situations like prolonged recession may affect the growth rate of the industry. The size of a pharmaceutical market increases as a result of various factors, the most prominent among which are discussed here. * Increase in prices: Demand is relatively price- insensitive implying that the market size increases along with an increase in prices. * Increase in volume: With the demographic profile changing following the increase in the number of people in the old age segment, the volume of sales of pharmaceutical products is also expected to increase. * New product introduction: A new product broadens the existing market in terms of its reach and drive growth in the following manner: o Drugs that serve unmet needs for a relatively small patient base. The selling expenses for these drugs are also lower as they are cheaper to launch than blockbusters. o Drugs that increase demand in existing markets o Drugs that create demand for products that did not exist earlier: A recent example of this is Pfizers Viagra. Declining Share of Multinationals Initially, Government policies for the pharmaceutical sector encouraged multinational companies to establish manufacturing bases in India, leading to the dominant control of the Indian pharmaceutical market by these MNCs (market share of over 80% ). With the introduction of the Indian Patents Act and the Drug Price Control Order in 1970, Indian players discovered new avenues of growth, and consequently, the share of the multinationals declined. The Patent Act, 1970, provided opportunity to Indian players by allowing reverse process engineering of known molecules (under and off patent). Thus, the multinationals felt discouraged to introduce their latest products in the Indian market even as the Indian companies increasingly took up the manufacturing of formulations. Cost structure. The three important cost heads for the Indian pharmaceutical industry are: material costs; marketing selling costs; and employee costs. This is in contrast to the cost structure of the global majors, for whom the key costs are: selling costs, general and administration costs; manufacturing costs; and RD expenses. The companies that are present The Indian pharmaceutical industry, estimated at Rs 231 billion, is the fourth largest in the world in terms of volumes. The industry has been growing at a CAGR of 17% over the last 5 years. The industry has around 20,000 players and is characterized by an increasing concentration at the top. It is this segment that we are analyzing in the project. Hence, Large Indian companies like Ranbaxy, DRL etc who are members of both the OPPI and the IDMA will form the basis of our study. There is also a large segment of unbranded drugs in the market. The introduction of regulatory norms by the Government of India favoring process patents coupled with the high import tariff and low prices of the domestic drugs has gone a long way in the development of the domestic industry against the multinationals operating in the country. Today, India is not only self sufficient in drugs and formulations, we also export to different countries in Europe and North America.

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Review - Essay Example This method is further reinforced by a huge number of diet books, television and internet advertisements. In contrast to people’s beliefs and expectations of diets, they fail to work. The factor of urgency is the main contributor to the failure of the diets. Many people who use these products meant for dieting want the results to occur immediately after use. Moreover, there are people who claim to be experts and have the latest diet products that can deal with the overweight problem. Initially, these products seem to work, and an individual may lose most of the weight in the shortest duration possible, but he or she gains the weight back and sometimes extra weight is added. According to Covert Bailey, this is the up and down cycle of gaining or losing weight. He goes on to refer to it as the girth control rhythm method. This paper will be a review of Covert Bailey’s The Ultimate Fit or Fat. Many health professionals are of the same opinion that muscular strength, muscul ar endurance, body composition or body weight, and the capacity of cardiorespiratory are the main element of an individual’s fitness. The view that body weight contributes to one being fit brings the belief that one cannot be fit, unless he or she has a body composition that is predefined. In spite of everything, if the components of fitness are a true measure of capacities of functioning, then weight cannot be presumed to be an element of being fit because body composition are not functional capacities measures. Nevertheless, Covert Bailey made the most of the fit or fat notion by illustrating that taking part in exercise helps in losing weight and becoming physically fit, and one can only be fit by losing the body weight or fats in the body (Bailey 26). The Fit or Fat book proposes an individual to have a target diet in which he or she aims for the core. The person should consume the foods outlined in the core most frequently, the foods on the outside of the circle less fre quently, and the foods located on the exterior not at all if possible. While referring to this schedule, it is clear that Covert Bailey is recommending for more consumption of skim milk, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and water-packed tuna; and low consumption of foods that constitute a lot of sugars and fats (Bailey 37). This program guides a person on what to eat and what not to eat. In addition, he has stated four rules: eat foods with low sugar content, eat a diet that is balanced, eat low fat foods, and eat high fibre foods. Covert Bailey also talks about the advantages of taking part in aerobic exercises. According to him, people who are sedentary have a tendency of becoming fat because their bodies have insufficient intercellular metabolic enzymes responsible for converting fat into energy. These people’s bodies utilize sugars that are readily and easily available for work in predilection to fats that are stored. Fat people become fatter because their bodies utilize little stored energy for activities than sugars (Bailey 83). Additionally, the body can develop intercellular metabolic enzymes that have the ability to burn extra fat and keep a person in shape rather than the use of diets that are not usual. Additionally, exercises enable people to use fat in a ratio that is high in everyday activities than people who are sedentary. The exercises make a person have an appropriate body weight. Covert also argues

Entrepreneurship and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entrepreneurship and Leadership - Essay Example I know that as a venture capitalist, you are not at all bothered with what I am going to present here. I know that because I am aware that even the most impractical ideas get the nod and the most amazing and lucrative ones don’t. I am selling myself here. It’s all about entrepreneurship. It’s about leadership. I know that all that matters to you is the numbers. I also know that you wouldn’t be handing over your money to a freak that would go and blow it all away on his crazy dream of creating another Facebook. So what is it that I have and others don’t? The answer is simple: I know how to execute. Yes, execution is what I possess. Many great ideas fail in their startup phase not because they didn’t have potential or all of a sudden weren’t profitable enough. They fail because they were executed improperly. They were leading in a completely different direction. I can assure you that what I’ll present here is what will happen in t he real world – that is if the economic conditions hold (CFA Institute). The truth is that there is no other Facebook. The times have changed. Social networking is a thing of the past. However, like every era this era, too, functions on the same ideology which is â€Å"to make disaster an opportunity.† As the world gears up for its next challenge, entrepreneurs and investors gear up to fill their pockets and that is what I am offering you. I am offering you to invest in the future. My idea is simple. I have in my possession the design of a machine that creates medicines for you. The idea is simple. This machine works just like an ATM. You take your blood sample to it. Your blood has your DNA and it analyzes what kind of chemical reaction the medicine should go through to be specifically modified for you. Sounds unreal? It sounded to me too, but believe me such a machine can be made. Look at the opportunity you have here. Can you even think of the possibilities I am ope ning you up to? I am effectively eliminating the manufacturing of medicines here. All you need is a formula that can be entered into this machine and it will create the medicine and modify it for the user. This means that a kid in India won’t have to die because s/he didn’t have the funds for buying medicine. That’s the other side. Medicine becomes cheaper. This might be an aspect for some investors you venture capitalists have to answer too. So let’s get to the real thing now – numbers. The cost of building this machine is going to be around $2.4 million. The cost is high because it’s just a prototype. When the prototype is approved by the medical bodies, we can begin mass production that will distribute the massive fixed costs of $2 million that we are incurring over thousands of machines. This cost includes the cost of the biotechnicians and doctors I will be using; it also includes the cost of the materials that will be used in making th is machine. The global biotech industry brings in revenues of up to $250 billion each year. When we build our machine, we predict to capture at least 3.7% of the market share in the initial 3 years. We will build 1,800 machines at a cost of $400,000 a machine. This brings the cost of machines to about 720 million dollars. The cost of buying and creating formulas for medicines is approximately $2.4 billion. If you

Applied Experience Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Experience - Term Paper Example They also discover various aspects of people feeling certain response on a particular issue (Brittany, 2010). The learning from different aspects of psychology has had a deep impact on my life. Due to my education in this field, I have developed a better understanding of people and scenarios at every stage of life. To explore the different dimensions of the psychology and their application in the real life, I have participated in group psychotherapy of the adolescents, who had been displaying aggressive attitude in their everyday life. Since group therapy is about making people understand that they are not the only one who is suffering from the same circumstances, there are other people as well who are also going through same circumstances (DRB Alternatives. Inc, 2010). Group therapy is successful because the members of the groups share personal issues that they are facing (Weinberg, 2000). In a group therapy, people interact with individuals who are in either a state of emotion, or ahead, or those people who have recovered from their problem. Through this, the members of the group become a source of support and strength for each other. Moreover, because of their common experience, the participants understand each other’s situation, and therefore, they can develop a better relationship with each other. Psychotherapy In the setting that I experienced, there were altogether six adolescents and the therapist. The issue that they had on hand to deal with was increased aggression in their personalities. All these children had complained that against their own will, with the passage of time, they were developing an aggressive personality. Once the participants started discussing their family backgrounds, their life experiences and the relationship of their parents with each other, I discovered that most of the participants had previously experienced aggression in their lives to some extent. If they had not experienced it, then they had a broken family and/or w ere brought up by a single parent. While I was sitting in the setting and was listening to the experiences of the adolescents, the concept that was running in my mind was Bandura’s Experiments (Myers, 2008). In these experiments, the researcher has proved that children have exceptionally high level of observation starting from their birth. Therefore, their learning through observation is very strong. Thus, they imitate everything they see, if not immediately then possibly at some other time, but they do imitate the observed behaviour. From the explanation of the adolescents during the therapy, it was evident that out of six, four of them had someone in the family that was very aggressive, because of which they also developed a habit that keeps getting stronger by the day. The interesting part that I found about these participants is that almost every child has at least one of the parents who are aggressive in front of the children. At this point, the other theory that I have observed in my daily life is that children usually idealize their parents and tend to copy them in most of the situations where they can. They tend to do whatever their parents do in front of them, either in person or in similar settings. However, the rest of the two adolescents who were complaining about the aggression had not witnessed aggressive attitude by their parents. They were the brought up

Possibility Thinking Research

Possibility Thinking Research Introduction Most people accept that early years education should aim to develop childrens creativity but this raises a number of questions; namely what is creativity? How does it relate to imagination, self expression and intelligence? What ways can creativity be taught and assessed and why is it valuable? Fostering childrens creativity involves more than the creative corner in the classroom it involves recognising their creative engagement manifested by young learners. According to Wilson (20.10.05) It is important that we foster creativity at an early stage so that children are more prepared to lead an active role in their own learning, develop better self-esteem and are more willing to take chances. Possibility thinking is at the heart of all creativity in young children. (Craft 2002) Possibilities are generated by children in all areas of learning e.g. play, music and scientific enquiry. It allows children to explore imaginative ways to produce a variety of outcomes e.g. is a banana a fruit or is it a telephone? The possibilities to develop childrens creative thinking are endless. Possibility thinking has been acknowledged in some educational literature on creativity but it has not been fully accepted by some educationalists (Craft 2001). Jeffrey (2005) believes it is at the core to creative learning and represents the being imaginative part of the current policy framework for creativity in England. Craft and Jeffrey (2004) believe that possibility thinking involves enabling children to find and refine problems as well as solve them. The aim of this research is to investigate whether possibility thinking is at the heart of creativity in young children. I hypothesise that: Possibility thinking is at the heart of creativity in young children Creativity and imagination allows young children to learn and develop Possibility thinking will only take place if adults give children time and space The resources, environment and available tasks affect the possibilities for creative thinking Literature Review Creativity has been described as a voyage of discovery (Craft 2008). When it comes to creativity in schools the second half of the 20th century can be first seen as a drought following the introduction of the National Curriculum in 1989 which rejected children centred curriculum practices. After 1999 there were numerous opportunities for creativity in terms of curriculum and learning due to a shift in values in educational provision and the landscape of the classroom. During the end of the 20th and the start of the 21st century creativity has become significant in education due to the advice of the National Advisory Committee on creative and culture education (NACCCE 1999) led by Sir Ken Robinson and researchers such as Woods and Craft (1997) and Harland et al (1998). The key findings from their work was that creative learning involves children experiencing innovation in the classroom, control over activities, together with a sense of ownership in their learning. These features are characteristic of creative teaching (Jeffery and Woods 2003). The NACCCE saw creativity as imaginative activity, fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are original and of value (NACCCE 1999 pg 29). The approach together with linking creativity with culture saw a shift away from the view that creativity was only attainable by the gifted and a view of learning as empowerment in and beyond the classroom (Jeffrey and Craft 2001, Sefton-Green 2008). From 2002 the establishment of creative partnerships has promoted creative learning. The most recent curriculum polices of creativity within the early years are the Early Years Foundation Stage (DFES 2007, DCSF 2008) which continues to emphasize the significance of creativity. It encourages student engagement and offers teachers a means of personalised learning (Hargreaves 2008). The message seems to be creativity is for everyone everywhere! However there are problems as to how creativity is documented, assessed and how progression is supported (Rose 2008). Learning through the arts has the potential to stimulate open ended activity that encourages discovery, exploration, experimentation and invention contributing to a childs development (Bernadette Duffy 2006). Music, dance, and drama enable children to express their feelings. Creativity and imagination in the light of Every Child matters, Sure Start and the Foundation Stage curriculum enables young children to learn and develop whilst expressing their feelings, thoughts and responses. Anna Craft (2000) introduced and developed the notion of possibility thinking as core to little c creativity. Possibility thinking is means by which intelligence, self-creation, self-expression and know-how are bought together and expressed, It finds a way around a problem by posing questions and finding a problem through identifying a question or topic to be investigated. Fostering young childrens possibility thinking involves moving their thinking on from what does this do? to what can i do with this? It involves a move from the convergent to more divergent thinking. The paper Pedagogy and Possibility Thinking in the Early Years (Cremin, Burnard and Craft May 2006) sought to identify what characterises possibility thinking expanded on young childrens learning experiences and how teachers pedagogical practices fosters this critical aspect of creativity. Possibility thinking is central to creative learning and at the heart of all creative engagement. A 12 month study carried out in a primary school by University researchers showed that teachers use the practice of standing back whilst giving pupils time and space so as to foster possibility thinking. Studies undertaken by the team (Craft 2001, Burnard et al 2006, Chappel 2006, Cremin et al 2006) suggest that the concept of Possibility thinking has creative engagement across all contexts. Possibility thinking implies attention to impact of ideas and nurtures trusteeship (Claxton 2008). The Curriculum Guidance for the foundation stage emphasizes that creativity begins with curiosity and involves children in exploration and experimentation. They draw upon their imagination and originality. They make decisions, take risks and play with ideas. If they are to be truly creative, children need the freedom to develop and the support of adults (DFES 2000:118). The work of researchers such as Craft (2002), Csikszentmhalyi (1997), Fisher (1990) and Lipman (1988) has demonstrated the value of creativity in learning in the early years. In the foundation stage curriculum document creativity is presented as a subject and promoted in areas such as dance, music and stories. However they argue young childrens learning is not compartmentalised (DFES:45). Thus subjects such as mathematics should provide opportunities for creative thinking as teachers need to recognise the importance of creativity throughout the whole curriculum so as to develop childrens creative thinking and extend t heir learning whenever possible. (Worthington and Carruthers 2005) Given the pace of change in the 21st century education needs to be creative whilst enhancing the creativity of both young children and the adults who work with them (Facer 2007). Methodology The researcher chose to use a combination of both secondary source materials alongside primary sources. The already published literature provided her with a solid base on which she was able to begin to base the investigation as well as providing the researcher with possible areas to explore and correlations to look out for when carrying out her research. The primary sources enabled her to support the research that already existed and helped to draw balanced conclusions when it came to answering the research question. This made her investigation current and valid but will also aid the researchers future practice. Research in education is a disciplined attempt to address questions or solve problems through the collection and analysis of primary data for the purpose of description, explanation, generalisation and prediction (Anderson et al, 1998). There are many types of research but they all share the following basic characteristics; They are all, or aim to be planned, cautious, systematic and reliable ways of finding out or deepening understanding (Blaxter et al, 2001, p.5). The researcher used a variety of primary methods: Unstructured interviews Unstructured interviews are a qualitative method of research that provides informal, open ended flowing conversations. The advantage of this method, when discussing a subjective area such as creativity is that it provides in depth information. Interviews provide valid and useful information which will enrich her research and by gathering opinions on possibility of thinking she will gain insight into the benefits and motivation it provides to young children. Participant Observations The researcher will carry out overt observations in a variety of settings namely a primary school, a playgroup and a residential home. She will use overt observations whereby adults, and children are aware of her presence so as to avoid ethical issues. The researcher chose participant observations so that as a trusted adult she could join in with the creative activities and thus fully understand what was happening in each individual setting. The researcher was also keen to observe how an adult intervention and presence affected the childrens creative process. Ethics considered There are research concerns specific to children and young people set out in the British Educational Research Association (BERA) ethical guidelines. Primarily, these are focused upon the informed and valid consent of participants, and ways of assuring that this is attained (Lindsay, 2000). It was ensured that the BERA ethical guidelines were followed. This included, informing the primary school teacher, playgroup leader and childminder what the research entailed and what would be expected of the children included in the sample. In line with ethical issues it was stressed that the data would remain anonymous. Empirical chapter 1: Observations Introduction Observations are an interpretivist approach. Interpretivism emphasizes that people have consciousness involving personal beliefs, values and interpretations and these influence the way people out. They do not simply respond to forces outside of them. (K.Browne 2006) The researcher aims to interpret the values and feelings of both individuals and the group. The information will be in-depth and on a micro scale. Aims Participant observations aim to develop an understanding from the view point of the subjects of the research without allowing the researchers own values and prejudices to distort the observation. Children pose questions and find solutions to stimulate creative thinking. If young children are prepared to take risks they are more creative. Methodology Participant Observation The first task of any research is to gather information. The researcher will be doing this by carrying out observations so that explanations and correlations can be made. The information generated will provide her with opinions about the extent to which possibility thinking is at the heart of creativity in young children. She will carry out three observations the first at a primary school in Stafford where she will observe a year one numeracy lesson. The second at a playgroup in Wolverhampton and finally the third at the residential home of a childminder in Northampton. The observations will be overt and participant. The researcher will be honest with the children and adults so they understand what she is doing. All observations will take place in a non-threatening, safe atmosphere. At both the playgroup and childminders home the children will be either playing or involved in creative activities. At school the year one pupils will be involved in a numeracy lesson. The researcher will use an observation sheet to record information and write the observations up at a later date. She has chosen participant observation as the researcher joins the group being studied and can therefore see things through their eyes. Observation 1 Participants Barnfield Primary school Stafford year one class 25 pupils 14 girls 11 boys Materials Numeracy lesson plan on shape Procedures Firstly she wrote to the head to ask permission to carry out the observation and then visited the school on Monday 14th December 2009 for a pre-visit to discuss the observation with the class teacher. She carried out the observation on Tuesday 12th January 2010. Analysis The data will be written up on the observation sheet and analysed at a later date. Observation 2 Participants Portobello Community Centre pre-school playgroup 8 children 5 boys 3 girls Materials Cut out reindeers, card Construction toys Observation sheet Procedures Firstly she contacted the play leader by telephone to discuss the observations. She carried out the observations on the 7th December 2009 and the 18th January 2010. Analysis The data will be written up on the observation sheet and analysed at a later date. Observation 3 Particpants Registered childminders home in Northampton. At present she looks after boys aged seven and five and a girl aged three. Materials Toys e.g doll house, brio and magnetix Musical instruments e.g drums and shakers Observation sheet Procedures The child minder is a family friend so the researcher made contact by phone. The researcher then visited on Monday 21st December 2009 to carry out the observation. Analysis The data will be written up on the observation sheet and analysed at a later date. Results from observations The researcher chose to observe young children in a variety of settings. The children at school were involved in a directed task namely a numeracy lesson about shape. The children at playgroup and at the childminders home were either playing or involved in semi-structured activities which gave scope for creativity and allowed for personal expression, unlike the numeracy lesson the play, art and music tasks excluded the notation for right and wrong. The children in all 3 settings produced a variety of results and their scope for creativity was dependent upon The environment The activity The resources available The level of adult support and intervention Discussion of Playgroup Observation 1 The observations at the playgroup showed three aspects of the process using the Possibility Thinking framework namely: Posing questions Play Immersion and making connections They also included three aspects of process outcome: Being imaginative Innovation Risk taking There was little evidence of development or innovation but this was probably due to the fact that the children were aged between two to four. The first observation on 7th December 2009 showed the youngsters involved in a Christmas workshop making cards and 3D reindeers. The children were excited and constantly posing questions about what colours and materials to use. The children were immersed in the activity and the outcomes were imaginative and showed they were happy to take risks. The youngsters were confident and supported by numerous adults thus the level of adult supervision was high. Discussion of Playgroup Observation 2 The second observation took place at the playgroup on January 18th 2010. The youngsters were allowed to play in the sand and water, home corner and with construction toys such as bricks and Lego. The boys were more interested in the construction toys, whilst the girls predominately played in the home corner. All children were immersed in play and asked questions. They were imaginative and took risks; however there was little evidence of innovation or development. The level of adult supervision was quite high however the intervention by the adults was low. Discussion of Childminders Observation The researcher visited a childminders home on Friday 18th December 2009 when she was looking after three children. The youngsters played with construction toys, jigsaws, dolls house, and my little ponies. They then played with musical instruments such as a drum set and maracas. The children were thrilled to make music. The three children constantly chatted to each other. They played together and on their own. The boys were immersed in creating a brio track and Lego models whereas the girl immersed herself in the imaginary world of my little pony. All three children were imaginative and creative especially when the musical instruments appeared. They discovered different sounds and ways of making music and formed a mini band. Discussion of Numeracy Lesson observation (year one on shape) The researcher expected the lesson to have limited opportunities for creativity due to space and structure constraints. She views numeracy as a factual, uncreative lesson which focuses on the understanding of set rules. However the researcher was surprised that the pupils ideas were welcomed and they could pose questions. The children could not really produce original work as there were right and wrong answers although they did explore different methods to get there so were given some ownership for their own learning. There was also some scope for development and innovation in their work. Conclusion of observations The aim of participant observations is to develop an understanding from the point of view of subjects without prejudice. The researcher achieved this by observing youngsters and their adult supervisors in a variety of settings whilst becoming a full trusted member of the group. All the children posed questions so as to find solutions to stimulate creative thinking. The youngsters at both the playgroup and childminders home had more opportunities to take risks than those in the classroom so had more chance to be creative. Empirical Chapter 2: Unstructured Interviews Introduction An unstructured interview is like a guided conversation. The interviewer has the topic to cover but questions are open-ended. The researcher seeks to put the respondent at ease, in a relaxed informal situation and hopefully the questions will trigger further discussion. The interviewer aims to obtain further depth than is possible in a structured interview. Unstructured interviews are from an interpretivist approach and provide qualitative data as they are concerned with peoples feelings and views. Aims Unstructured interviews provide rich, detailed information where by the respondents can express their feelings about the issue of creativity and possibility thinking. Certain tasks such as art, music, drama and dance are more suitable to creative thinking. The learning environment and teaching strategies need to provide scope for imagination if children are to produce a variety of outcomes and thus accommodate creative learning. Methodology Unstructured interviews The researcher will interview three adults and conduct the interviews like a discussion with open-ended questions. She will be careful not to influence the replies so as to avoid interviewer bias. She will write down the replies on an interview sheet but try not to disrupt the flow of the interviews. The replies will hopefully produce rich, qualitative information and comparisons between interviews can be drawn. The use of interviews, stimulate reflection and critical conversations about possibility thinking as a form of engagement and strategy of creativity and the creative thinking process. The probing questions will allow the adults to focus on what they consider to be significant in the creative learning experiences. Interview 1 Particpants Barnfield Primary School Stafford Year one class teacher. Materials Procedures The researcher wrote to head to ask permission to interview a class teacher. The researcher visited the school to meet the teacher on Monday 14th December. The researcher carried out the interview on Tuesday 12th January 2010. Analysis The researcher will write the interview up on the interview sheet and compare the three interviews. Interview 2 Particpants Portobello Community Centre playleader Materials Procedures The researcher contacted the play leader by telephone to discuss the interview. The researcher then carried out the interview on January 18th 2010. Analysis The researcher will write the interview up on the interview sheet and compare the three interviews. Interview 3 Particpants Registered childminder who is also a qualified teacher. Materials Procedures The researcher contacted the childminder by phone to discuss the interview. The interview was carried out on Monday 21st December 2009. Analysis The researcher will write the interview up on the interview sheet and compare the three interviews. Results from Interviews The researcher chose to interview the three adults who were involved in her observations. The questions had a focus related to creativity and possibility thinking but were open ended so allowed for development. All adults were interviewed in a quiet environment where they felt at ease. The three adults all said they used similar strategies to encourage creativity namely standing back and providing a safe environment, with multiple resources that encouraged creative thinking. Two out of three adults were unsure that possibility thinking was central to creative learning but thought strategies such as posing questions and giving children time and space does develop the notation of possibility thinking. All three adults thought the environment was important for creative learning and believed a safe, challenging experience helps to provide opportunities for imaginative experiences. All three adults felt some tasks were more suited to creative thinking such as dance, music and play however the class teacher thought subjects such as maths and science should provide opportunities for creative thinking. Discussion of Interviews with year one teacher, play leader and registered childminder All three adults interviewed discussed different strategies they used to encourage children to be creative that included giving youngsters time and space and providing a variety of resources which allowed children to explore activities in imaginative ways. The children were allowed to pose questions and take risks. They felt the environment and the tasks offered were crucial to creative thinking however only the class teacher thought possibility thinking was central to creative learning. They all thought that creativity begins with curiosity and is developed if children are given the opportunity to explore and experiment with different resources and ideas. Conclusion of interviews The aim of unstructured interviews was to provide rich identical information whereby respondents could express their feelings about creativity and possibility thinking. All three interviewees gave the researcher detailed insight into the adults views about the research issue. All three interviews felt certain tasks such as art and music were more suitable to creative thinking. They gave a detailed account of how the learning environment and strategies such as giving children time and space provide opportunities for imagination and creative learning. Conclusion NACCCE (1999) argued creativity is imaginative actively fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value. According to Craft possibility thinking is at the heart of creativity in education. This idea has implications as the engagement of learners according to Jeffrey (2005) leads to engagement with problems. Fostering childrens possibility thinking can be seen as building their resilience and confidence and referencing their capabilities as confident explorers, meaning makers and decision makers. (Craft 2005). Possibility thinking involves problem finding and solving. Creative teaching may foster learner creativity providing there are co-participative partnerships between teachers and learners, in which they explore issues, pose questions, identify problems and reflect upon their thinking and learning. The key factor being that the control has to be handed back to the learner (Craft and Jeffery 2003). In seeking to unravel the issues of what constitutes possibility thinking in the learning experiences of young children and how teachers, play leaders and childminders foster possibility thinking as an aspect of creativity, the researcher carried out observations and interviews. She used probing questions and encouraged the adults to engage in in-depth reflective practice. Following close observations in each context using the possibility thinking documentation framework and further interviews with the adults in charge, core areas of possibility thinking in childrens learning were identified. They included the three aspects of process i.e posing questions, play immersion and inversion. They also included the three aspects of process outcome i.e being imaginative, innovation and risk taking. The observations were written up in the light of the three-fold-structure. Many of the youngsters were involved in risk taking and were immersed in an activity. On the outcomes there was little evidence of development and the question of taking intentional action was problematic as many of the children were too young. In terms of process outcome the notation of innovation was also difficult as what might be normal for one child in one particular environment may not be normal for another. The separation of process and outcome is not easy during the early years as young children often take risks to move their thinking forward but this may not be an outcome. The integration between creative teaching and learning also seemed to foster possibility thinking. If young children feel safe they gain confidence as with the children in all three observational settings. The three interviews highlighted the fact that they all tried to foster creativity in their youngsters by providing a stimulating learning environment which allowed the children to pose questions and explore a variety of outcomes in an imaginative way. The adults tried to stand back but felt some tasks were more suited to creative thinking than others. The aim of the research was to investigate whether possibility thinking is at the heart of creativity in young children. Researchers such as Professor Anna Craft believe it is so as does one out of three of the adults interviewed. Many researchers such as Craft, Jeffrey, Burnard and Chappel all feel creativity and imagination allow young children to learn and develop. If children are to be creative, adults need to give them freedom to develop. Cremin, Burnard and Craft (2006) found that in a twelve month study carried out in schools; that teachers needed to stand back and give children time and space to foster possibility thinking. The observations and interviews carried out by the researcher reinforced this. The final hypothesis was that the resources, environment and tasks affect the possibilities for creative thinking. The observations and interviews with adults confirmed this. Deciding whether the motivation of pupils based on the creative setting was difficult to determine as she only carried out observations in three settings and only interviewed three adults, thus her findings were limited. Possibility thinking does appear to influence creativity but the sample was small and the decisions the researcher made were subjective and not based upon objective scientific testing. Bibliography Blaxter,L. (2001). How To Research. Second edition. England. Open University press. Browne,K. (2006). Introducing Sociology for AS level. Second edition. Cambridge. Polity Press. British Educational Research Association (BERA). [Online]. (http://www.bera.ac.uk/blog/2010/03/04/exploration-and-analysis-on-creativity-and-innovation-in-initial-vocational-education-and-training/). (Accessed 10.12.2009) Britzman, D. (1986) Cultural myths in the making of a teacher: biography and social structurein teacher education. Harvard Educational Review, 56(4), pp. 442-446. Burnard, P., Craft, A. and Grainger, T. (2006), Possibility Thinking, International Journal of Early Years Education. Volume 14. No. 3, October 2006 pp 243-262 Chappell, K. (2006). Creativity within late primary age dance education: Unlocking expert specialist dance teachers conceptions and approaches. [Online].(Available from http://kn.open.ac.uk/public/document.cfm?documentid=8627). London. (Accessed 21.01.2010) Claxton, G. (2008). Creativity, Wisdom and Trusteeship. Thousand Oaks, CA., Corwin Press. Craft, A. (1997).Can You Teach Creativity? Nottingham. Routeledge. Craft, A. (1999) Creative development in the early years: some implications of policy for practice.[Online]. (http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a739635700db=all). The Curriculum Journal. Volume 10(Issue 1). (Accessed 002.01.2010). Craft, A. (2000), Creativity Across the Primary Curriculum. London. Routledge Craft, A. (2001) Little c Creativity. In A. Craft, B. Jeffrey and M. Leibling Creativity in Education. London.Continuum. Craft, A. (2002).Creativity and Early Years Education. London. Continuum Books Craft, A. (2005) Creativity in schools: tensions and dilemmas. Abingdon.Routledge. Craft ,A. (2008). Creativity in the school.[Online].(http://www.beyondcurrenthorizons.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ch3_final_craft_creativityinschool_20081218.pdf). Exeter. Open University. (Accessed 02.01.2010) Craft, A. Creativity and Possibillity in the Early Years.[Online] (http://www.tactyc.org.uk/pdfs/Reflection_craft.pdf). (Accessed 02.12.2009) Craft, A. Cremin, T., Burnard, P.(2006) Pedagogy and possibility thinking in the early years.[Online]. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B7XN8-4M2WTP9-1_user=10_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2006_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1255424291_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=0241bbe9052a7b6bb3b1e704447d2c06). International Journal of Thinking Skills and Creati

Homeless Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The weather seems to be getting a bit chillier around here lately† Charlie Houser proclaims. â€Å" Living homeless is not so bad as long as you understand that you are homeless and make it your every day life.† implies Charlie. Charlie is a man that goes around thinking of things to do from day to day. On Vine Street in Coryville, a thin, short, black man stands between two buildings fighting off another Cincinnati winter. He is unshaven with a scraggly beard. His skin is rugged looking and tough. His outfit consists of a tannish-brown jacket, which clashes with his turquoise pants that are short in length. Charlie wears a pair of black, puppy dog chewed up shoes. It is winter and he is shuffling back and fourth to keep warm. His steps are as timid as that of a mouse trying to sneak something to eat. The aroma of his alcoholic breath pollutes the frosty breath coming from his lips. Along with his breath, his eyes are glazed over, watery, and red. It is clear he has had been drinking. His hygiene is deteriorated to the point of him smelling like a dirty pair of socks, which had not been washed for quite some time. The teeth he had left are bright yellow and caked with plaque. His mouth is a nightmare for a dentist. It is a disturbing sight to see, but many passes by take no notice o f him. Charlie says, â€Å" I tried to find employment, but was unable to afford a haircut and employers would not even talk to me because of my looks.† Charlie lives his days by just getting through e...

Sci 275 Week 8 Assignment Energy Resource Plan

Water Resource Plan Written by EMMANUEL MCCLAIN Axia University of Phoenix SCI 275 Instructor TED BREWSTER Eutrophication is the depletion of oxygen in an aquatic ecosystem. Eutrophication occurs when a body of water enriched with excess nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus from dead plant material and waste. Nitrogen pollution largely derived from agricultural fertilizers and emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. Phosphorus pollution comes from wastewater treatment and detergents. These elements and compounds make their way to coastal areas through the drainage networks of rivers and streams. This nutrient and phosphorus mix results in increased algae growth that makes water cloudy and unhealthy. There are two ways for eutrophication to occur; the first is artificial eutrophication through the release of sewage, fertilizers and grey water into natural waterways. The second occurs is naturally occurring over lakes and tributaries that flood and pick up dead vegetation, cattle manure and fertilizer. This can lead to loss of biodiversity, global warming, and pollution of drinking water, fish kills, acid rain, and ozone depletion. However, the main culprit behind human caused eutrophication is the phosphorus released from sewage, septic systems and fertilizers. This point source pollution enriches the water and causes a buildup of algae and cyanobacteria in the ecosystem. The process of photosynthesis then starts as the begin feeding on the nitrogen and phosphorus enriched environment leading to murky and hard to see through water this is a sign of eutrophication. My sustainability plan is to educate others on the causes of eutrophication and the effects it has on ecosystems. Increasing awareness will allow many to pinpoint possible sources and causes of eutrophication in their local ecosystems. My first step is to educate myself on the causes and effects of eutrophication. I will research the internet as well as peers reviewed articles. I will then develop an educational tool such as a PowerPoint Presentation to highlight how humans through artificial eutrophication add to the already naturally occurring process. I will include how eutrophication affects humans, animals, fish and plant life. I will then schedule a meeting with the community board members and invite local residents to discuss eutrophication. 1) I will spend the first three months studying and learning about the cause and effects of eutrophication on ecosystems. 2) I will use the library to research the topic to find peer reviewed articles. Using the internet to research magazine, newspaper articles, and DOH and EPA websites, I will gather information regarding how phosphorous and nitrogen get into ecosystems what it involves and how to stop them from forming. ) I will spend several weeks creating a PowerPoint presentation that explains what eutrophication is how it develops, what cause it, and how to prevent it. 4) In the final month, I will schedule the time and day of the presentation. 5) I will invite the community and homeowners. I will first spend time at home gathering the necessary information and research. I will then incorporate this data together to create a cohesive story involving eutrophicati on. I will then place all this into speaker notes and find scenes for use as pictures in the presentation. In order to schedule a meeting with the Homeowners Association I will first create time to introduce myself to the homeowner’s committee. I will use several friends and associates to make introduction easier. I will then request permission to present information to the committee at the next available meeting. After scheduling the meeting, I will proceed to invite fellow businesses and homeowners to attend. The research will require anywhere from 1-3 months to finish while the PowerPoint presentation will take anywhere from 1-3 weeks. Scheduling time with the homeowners association will be at the next scheduled meeting. Overall, it will be an ongoing process but should take no more than 5 months to complete altogether. The problems that may occur are that point source pollution is not the only cause of eutrophication. There can be several causes of eutrophication including nonpoint source pollution such as urban runoff. There are areas that have limited supplies of drinking water and count on areas infiltrated by eutrophication. The local vegetation that live and thrive in this infected ecosystems are choked and killed off. The dead vegetation allows many different species of algae to thrive and form. While the lack of oxygen created from the photosynthesis kills many species of fish. There is an upside to this plan the excess phosphorous taken from these areas can be placed into landfills. There is a shortage of phosphorus on land and this would help revitalize many fields. There are several limitations to the plan the plan would need the community as a whole to effectively combat eutrophication. This would require not only the cooperation of the local Home Owners Association but every local business in the community. Eutrophication also increases with the rising demand of meats and fossil fuels. Developed nations and developing nations alike will see a rise in eutrophication. The problem overall would be resources funding an operation to clean up local waterways and make local industry and sewage systems compliable can cost millions of dollars easily many cities and states are cash strapped and tightening their budgets. References Eisberg, N. (2009, August 10). Getting to the clean point of use. Chemistry & Industry , 11. retrieved from Pheonix University online library website Powersearch . Welch, M. A. (2009). Lake Clean up Plan Panned. Winnepeg Free Press , B. 2. retrieved from Pheonix University online library website Powersearch . Writers, S. (2009). Nutrient Pollution Chokes Marine And Freshwater Ecosystems. Space Daily . retrieved from Pheonix University online library website Powersearch .